Background

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain the leading cause of mortality worldwide, accounting for millions of deaths annually. The burden of cardiovascular diseases continues to rise due to aging populations, urbanization, lifestyle changes, and increasing prevalence of metabolic disorders. Understanding modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors is essential for prevention, early detection, and effective management.

Objective

This study aimed to identify major risk factors associated with cardiovascular diseases among adults and evaluate their contribution to disease prevalence and clinical outcomes.

Methods

A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted involving 5,000 adults aged 18 years and above. Data on demographic characteristics, medical history, lifestyle factors, anthropometric measurements, laboratory parameters, and cardiovascular outcomes were collected. Statistical analyses including logistic regression were performed to determine independent risk factors.

Results

Hypertension (61%), obesity (48%), diabetes mellitus (36%), smoking (31%), physical inactivity (54%), and dyslipidemia (44%) were identified as major cardiovascular risk factors. Multivariate analysis revealed hypertension (OR=3.8), diabetes (OR=3.2), smoking (OR=2.9), and obesity (OR=2.5) as significant independent predictors of cardiovascular disease.

Conclusion

Cardiovascular disease risk is strongly influenced by modifiable lifestyle and metabolic factors. Public health interventions targeting hypertension control, smoking cessation, physical activity promotion, and healthy dietary practices are essential to reduce cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.